Flood scour for bridges and highways : prevention and control of soil erosion
題名:
Flood scour for bridges and highways : prevention and control of soil erosion
著者:
Khan, Mohiuddin A.
ISBN（國際標準書號）:
9780071825078
出版資訊:
New York : McGraw-Hill Education, c2015.
規格:
xiii, 365 p. : ill. ; 25 cm
摘要:
The first professional publication to focus on preventing and rehabilitating dangerous bridge scour-the leading cause of bridge and highway structure failure in the U.S.
A. About the Author -- B. Preface -- Objectives -- Need to Incorporate Growing Technologies -- Track Record of Successful Bridge Design and Construction -- Key Benefits -- Applications to Analysis, Design, Inspection, and Drawings Preparation -- C. Symbols -- A. PART 1: Erosion Problems, Review of Failures, and Progress Made -- 1. Water May Quench Thirst But May Also Drown -- Generation of Floods and Disruptions to Life -- The Hydrologic Cycle and Multiple Sources of Floods -- Need for Nationwide Checkup on Infrastructure Health -- A Survey of Recent Floods That Affected Infrastructure -- Need to Maintain Transportation Network at Reasonable Cost -- Global Problems of Flood Hazards, Drought, and Water Conservation -- Asset Management to Include Flood Mitigation Measures -- Developing an Environmental Policy for Floods -- Current Bridge Scour Control Practice -- Precautions and Solutions -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 2. River Instability Caused by Flow Obstructions -- Floodplain Formation -- Erosive Effects of Floods and Tides on Transportation -- Multiple Types of Riverine Flow Processes -- Basic Concepts of Open-Channel Hydraulics -- Hydraulic Issues of Bridges on Waterways -- Role of Movable Bridges to Facilitate Navigation in Rivers -- Debris Accumulation Upstream of Bridges -- Planning and Design Issues to Restrict Scour at Scour-Critical Bridges -- Bridge Performance Based on AASHTO (LRFD) Load Combinations for the Extreme Conditions -- Project Funding Requirements and Regulations -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 3. Scour Countermeasures as Remediation -- Scour Mitigation Using Various Types of Countermeasures -- Modifications to FHWA HEC-23 Countermeasures Matrix -- Applications of FHWA HEC-18 and HEC-23 Procedures -- Case Studies of Scour-Prone and Scour-Critical Rivers -- Methods for Investigating Conditions of Existing Footings -- Streamlining of Structural Elements for Efficient Planning -- Selection of Flood-Resistant Countermeasures -- Factors Affecting Detailed Design of Countermeasures -- Use of Rock Riprap as Temporary Armoring -- Applying Modern Techniques to Contain Erosion -- Applications of Geotextile and Granular Filters -- Design Guidelines for Armoring Countermeasures Other Than Riprap -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 4. Innovative Methods of Flood Disaster Management -- Overview of Scour Repairs -- Adopting Precautions to Prevent Failures -- Introducing a Fresh Approach in Countermeasure Design and Construction -- Utilizing Advancements in Construction Technology -- Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) over River and Replacement Methods -- Developing Design Codes for River Bridges for ABC and for Flood Conditions -- Applications of Modern Construction Materials -- Use of Recyclable Materials Technology -- Use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Concrete and Products -- Advancements in Concrete Technology -- Developments in Steel Materials and Metallurgy -- Performance of Steel Bridges over Rivers -- Continuing Education in New Technology Applications for Engineers -- FHWA TIGER Program Funding -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 5. Past Failures of Bridges and Those Vulnerable to Failure -- How River Bridges Become Structurally Deficient -- Vulnerability to Failure of Bridges on Waterways -- Analysis of River Bridge Failures -- Typical Bridge Failures from Scour -- Lessons Learned from European Bridge Failures -- Bridge Failures from Ship Impact on Substructure or Superstructure -- Additional List of Failures of River Bridges -- Case Studies of Well-Known Bridge Failures -- Forensic Engineering Application to Bridge Failures -- Recommendations for Avoiding Failures -- Rehabilitation and Repair of Existing Structures -- Underwater Repairs -- Preventive Actions for Vessel Collision or Floating Ice Impacts -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- B. Hydrology, Hydraulics, Scour Analysis, and Inspection Methods -- 6. Geotechnical and Hydraulic Issues at Scour-Critical Rivers and Bridges -- Standard Procedures for Hydraulic Analysis and Design -- Application of AASHTO Specifications for Foundation Design -- Modeling for Hydraulic Analysis -- Performing Scour Analysis -- Scour of Piles, Pile Groups, and Caissons -- Contents of a Hydraulic Report and Guidelines -- Guidelines for Preparing Geotechnical Reports and Plans, Specifications -- Foundation Modification by Structural Countermeasures -- Investigating Unknown Foundations -- Types of Foundation Selection for New Bridges -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 7. Hydrology, Floods, and Selection of Scour-Critical Bridges -- Causes and Effects of Floods -- Methods of Hydrologic Analysis -- USGS StreamStats Software -- Case Studies of Peak Flood Computations Using Practical Examples -- Scour Practice Survey in U.S. States -- Identifying Scour-Critical Bridges on Flood-Prone Rivers -- Planning of Structures in Relation to Hydrology Data -- Substructure Planning for New Bridges -- Planning Considerations for Superstructures Based on Hydrology and Hydraulics -- Formation of Scour Holes during Floods -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 8. Estimating Scour Depths and Selecting Applicable Countermeasures -- Need for Inspection, Scour Studies, and Remediation -- Factors Affecting Scour -- Rating of Scour-Critical Bridges Using the Pennsylvania SCBI Method -- Use of Hydraulic Assessment Checklist -- Vulnerability Index for Scour-Critical Bridges -- Scour Case Studies by the Author -- Case Study of Countermeasure Evaluation -- Applications of Computer Software for Scour Analysis -- Scour Depth -- A Concern for the Bridge Engineer -- Precautions to Minimize Flood Damage -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 9. Inspections, Monitoring, and Flood Management -- Need for Underwater Inspection, Monitoring, and Vigilance -- Floodwater Sources and Rise of Water Level at Bridges -- Maintaining the River Environment -- Emergency Bridge Protection Measures -- Essentials of Scour Monitoring Program -- Description of Monitoring Measures -- Methods for Investigating Scour Conditions for Vulnerable Foundations -- Adopting a Flood Watch List for Scour-Critical Rivers -- Plans and Preliminary Estimates -- Pennsylvania DOT Bridge Scour Evaluation Program -- Scour Studies Listed in Inspection Reports of Sample Bridges -- Innovative Techniques for Monitoring -- Essentials of Postflood Disaster Management -- Role of Environmental Agencies Such as FEMA and EPA to Combat Floods -- Flood Disaster Management in India and Pakistan -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- C. Glossary -- D. Sample Scour Calculations (HEC-18) -- Determine Scour Variables -- Aggradation / Degradation in Stream Bed -- Evaluate Scour Analysis Method (Live Bed or Clear Water) -- Live Water Contraction Scour -- Local Scour: Left Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Right Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Piers -- E. Sample ABSCOUR Solved Example.
A. About the Author -- B. Preface -- Objectives -- Need to Incorporate Growing Technologies -- Track Record of Successful Bridge Design and Construction -- Key Benefits -- Applications to Analysis, Design, Inspection, and Drawings Preparation -- C. Symbols -- A. PART 1: Erosion Problems, Review of Failures, and Progress Made -- 1. Water May Quench Thirst But May Also Drown -- Generation of Floods and Disruptions to Life -- The Hydrologic Cycle and Multiple Sources of Floods -- Need for Nationwide Checkup on Infrastructure Health -- A Survey of Recent Floods That Affected Infrastructure -- Need to Maintain Transportation Network at Reasonable Cost -- Global Problems of Flood Hazards, Drought, and Water Conservation -- Asset Management to Include Flood Mitigation Measures -- Developing an Environmental Policy for Floods -- Current Bridge Scour Control Practice -- Precautions and Solutions -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 2. River Instability Caused by Flow Obstructions -- Floodplain Formation -- Erosive Effects of Floods and Tides on Transportation -- Multiple Types of Riverine Flow Processes -- Basic Concepts of Open-Channel Hydraulics -- Hydraulic Issues of Bridges on Waterways -- Role of Movable Bridges to Facilitate Navigation in Rivers -- Debris Accumulation Upstream of Bridges -- Planning and Design Issues to Restrict Scour at Scour-Critical Bridges -- Bridge Performance Based on AASHTO (LRFD) Load Combinations for the Extreme Conditions -- Project Funding Requirements and Regulations -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 3. Scour Countermeasures as Remediation -- Scour Mitigation Using Various Types of Countermeasures -- Modifications to FHWA HEC-23 Countermeasures Matrix -- Applications of FHWA HEC-18 and HEC-23 Procedures -- Case Studies of Scour-Prone and Scour-Critical Rivers -- Methods for Investigating Conditions of Existing Footings -- Streamlining of Structural Elements for Efficient Planning -- Selection of Flood-Resistant Countermeasures -- Factors Affecting Detailed Design of Countermeasures -- Use of Rock Riprap as Temporary Armoring -- Applying Modern Techniques to Contain Erosion -- Applications of Geotextile and Granular Filters -- Design Guidelines for Armoring Countermeasures Other Than Riprap -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 4. Innovative Methods of Flood Disaster Management -- Overview of Scour Repairs -- Adopting Precautions to Prevent Failures -- Introducing a Fresh Approach in Countermeasure Design and Construction -- Utilizing Advancements in Construction Technology -- Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) over River and Replacement Methods -- Developing Design Codes for River Bridges for ABC and for Flood Conditions -- Applications of Modern Construction Materials -- Use of Recyclable Materials Technology -- Use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Concrete and Products -- Advancements in Concrete Technology -- Developments in Steel Materials and Metallurgy -- Performance of Steel Bridges over Rivers -- Continuing Education in New Technology Applications for Engineers -- FHWA TIGER Program Funding -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 5. Past Failures of Bridges and Those Vulnerable to Failure -- How River Bridges Become Structurally Deficient -- Vulnerability to Failure of Bridges on Waterways -- Analysis of River Bridge Failures -- Typical Bridge Failures from Scour -- Lessons Learned from European Bridge Failures -- Bridge Failures from Ship Impact on Substructure or Superstructure -- Additional List of Failures of River Bridges -- Case Studies of Well-Known Bridge Failures -- Forensic Engineering Application to Bridge Failures -- Recommendations for Avoiding Failures -- Rehabilitation and Repair of Existing Structures -- Underwater Repairs -- Preventive Actions for Vessel Collision or Floating Ice Impacts -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- B. Hydrology, Hydraulics, Scour Analysis, and Inspection Methods -- 6. Geotechnical and Hydraulic Issues at Scour-Critical Rivers and Bridges -- Standard Procedures for Hydraulic Analysis and Design -- Application of AASHTO Specifications for Foundation Design -- Modeling for Hydraulic Analysis -- Performing Scour Analysis -- Scour of Piles, Pile Groups, and Caissons -- Contents of a Hydraulic Report and Guidelines -- Guidelines for Preparing Geotechnical Reports and Plans, Specifications -- Foundation Modification by Structural Countermeasures -- Investigating Unknown Foundations -- Types of Foundation Selection for New Bridges -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 7. Hydrology, Floods, and Selection of Scour-Critical Bridges -- Causes and Effects of Floods -- Methods of Hydrologic Analysis -- USGS StreamStats Software -- Case Studies of Peak Flood Computations Using Practical Examples -- Scour Practice Survey in U.S. States -- Identifying Scour-Critical Bridges on Flood-Prone Rivers -- Planning of Structures in Relation to Hydrology Data -- Substructure Planning for New Bridges -- Planning Considerations for Superstructures Based on Hydrology and Hydraulics -- Formation of Scour Holes during Floods -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 8. Estimating Scour Depths and Selecting Applicable Countermeasures -- Need for Inspection, Scour Studies, and Remediation -- Factors Affecting Scour -- Rating of Scour-Critical Bridges Using the Pennsylvania SCBI Method -- Use of Hydraulic Assessment Checklist -- Vulnerability Index for Scour-Critical Bridges -- Scour Case Studies by the Author -- Case Study of Countermeasure Evaluation -- Applications of Computer Software for Scour Analysis -- Scour Depth -- A Concern for the Bridge Engineer -- Precautions to Minimize Flood Damage -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 9. Inspections, Monitoring, and Flood Management -- Need for Underwater Inspection, Monitoring, and Vigilance -- Floodwater Sources and Rise of Water Level at Bridges -- Maintaining the River Environment -- Emergency Bridge Protection Measures -- Essentials of Scour Monitoring Program -- Description of Monitoring Measures -- Methods for Investigating Scour Conditions for Vulnerable Foundations -- Adopting a Flood Watch List for Scour-Critical Rivers -- Plans and Preliminary Estimates -- Pennsylvania DOT Bridge Scour Evaluation Program -- Scour Studies Listed in Inspection Reports of Sample Bridges -- Innovative Techniques for Monitoring -- Essentials of Postflood Disaster Management -- Role of Environmental Agencies Such as FEMA and EPA to Combat Floods -- Flood Disaster Management in India and Pakistan -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- C. Glossary -- D. Sample Scour Calculations (HEC-18) -- Determine Scour Variables -- Aggradation / Degradation in Stream Bed -- Evaluate Scour Analysis Method (Live Bed or Clear Water) -- Live Water Contraction Scour -- Local Scour: Left Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Right Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Piers -- E. Sample ABSCOUR Solved Example.
主題:
| Scour at bridges. |
| Bridges -- Maintenance and repair. |
摘要:
The first professional publication to focus on preventing and rehabilitating dangerous bridge scour-the leading cause of bridge and highway structure failure in the U.S.
A. About the Author -- B. Preface -- Objectives -- Need to Incorporate Growing Technologies -- Track Record of Successful Bridge Design and Construction -- Key Benefits -- Applications to Analysis, Design, Inspection, and Drawings Preparation -- C. Symbols -- A. PART 1: Erosion Problems, Review of Failures, and Progress Made -- 1. Water May Quench Thirst But May Also Drown -- Generation of Floods and Disruptions to Life -- The Hydrologic Cycle and Multiple Sources of Floods -- Need for Nationwide Checkup on Infrastructure Health -- A Survey of Recent Floods That Affected Infrastructure -- Need to Maintain Transportation Network at Reasonable Cost -- Global Problems of Flood Hazards, Drought, and Water Conservation -- Asset Management to Include Flood Mitigation Measures -- Developing an Environmental Policy for Floods -- Current Bridge Scour Control Practice -- Precautions and Solutions -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 2. River Instability Caused by Flow Obstructions -- Floodplain Formation -- Erosive Effects of Floods and Tides on Transportation -- Multiple Types of Riverine Flow Processes -- Basic Concepts of Open-Channel Hydraulics -- Hydraulic Issues of Bridges on Waterways -- Role of Movable Bridges to Facilitate Navigation in Rivers -- Debris Accumulation Upstream of Bridges -- Planning and Design Issues to Restrict Scour at Scour-Critical Bridges -- Bridge Performance Based on AASHTO (LRFD) Load Combinations for the Extreme Conditions -- Project Funding Requirements and Regulations -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 3. Scour Countermeasures as Remediation -- Scour Mitigation Using Various Types of Countermeasures -- Modifications to FHWA HEC-23 Countermeasures Matrix -- Applications of FHWA HEC-18 and HEC-23 Procedures -- Case Studies of Scour-Prone and Scour-Critical Rivers -- Methods for Investigating Conditions of Existing Footings -- Streamlining of Structural Elements for Efficient Planning -- Selection of Flood-Resistant Countermeasures -- Factors Affecting Detailed Design of Countermeasures -- Use of Rock Riprap as Temporary Armoring -- Applying Modern Techniques to Contain Erosion -- Applications of Geotextile and Granular Filters -- Design Guidelines for Armoring Countermeasures Other Than Riprap -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 4. Innovative Methods of Flood Disaster Management -- Overview of Scour Repairs -- Adopting Precautions to Prevent Failures -- Introducing a Fresh Approach in Countermeasure Design and Construction -- Utilizing Advancements in Construction Technology -- Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) over River and Replacement Methods -- Developing Design Codes for River Bridges for ABC and for Flood Conditions -- Applications of Modern Construction Materials -- Use of Recyclable Materials Technology -- Use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Concrete and Products -- Advancements in Concrete Technology -- Developments in Steel Materials and Metallurgy -- Performance of Steel Bridges over Rivers -- Continuing Education in New Technology Applications for Engineers -- FHWA TIGER Program Funding -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 5. Past Failures of Bridges and Those Vulnerable to Failure -- How River Bridges Become Structurally Deficient -- Vulnerability to Failure of Bridges on Waterways -- Analysis of River Bridge Failures -- Typical Bridge Failures from Scour -- Lessons Learned from European Bridge Failures -- Bridge Failures from Ship Impact on Substructure or Superstructure -- Additional List of Failures of River Bridges -- Case Studies of Well-Known Bridge Failures -- Forensic Engineering Application to Bridge Failures -- Recommendations for Avoiding Failures -- Rehabilitation and Repair of Existing Structures -- Underwater Repairs -- Preventive Actions for Vessel Collision or Floating Ice Impacts -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- B. Hydrology, Hydraulics, Scour Analysis, and Inspection Methods -- 6. Geotechnical and Hydraulic Issues at Scour-Critical Rivers and Bridges -- Standard Procedures for Hydraulic Analysis and Design -- Application of AASHTO Specifications for Foundation Design -- Modeling for Hydraulic Analysis -- Performing Scour Analysis -- Scour of Piles, Pile Groups, and Caissons -- Contents of a Hydraulic Report and Guidelines -- Guidelines for Preparing Geotechnical Reports and Plans, Specifications -- Foundation Modification by Structural Countermeasures -- Investigating Unknown Foundations -- Types of Foundation Selection for New Bridges -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 7. Hydrology, Floods, and Selection of Scour-Critical Bridges -- Causes and Effects of Floods -- Methods of Hydrologic Analysis -- USGS StreamStats Software -- Case Studies of Peak Flood Computations Using Practical Examples -- Scour Practice Survey in U.S. States -- Identifying Scour-Critical Bridges on Flood-Prone Rivers -- Planning of Structures in Relation to Hydrology Data -- Substructure Planning for New Bridges -- Planning Considerations for Superstructures Based on Hydrology and Hydraulics -- Formation of Scour Holes during Floods -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 8. Estimating Scour Depths and Selecting Applicable Countermeasures -- Need for Inspection, Scour Studies, and Remediation -- Factors Affecting Scour -- Rating of Scour-Critical Bridges Using the Pennsylvania SCBI Method -- Use of Hydraulic Assessment Checklist -- Vulnerability Index for Scour-Critical Bridges -- Scour Case Studies by the Author -- Case Study of Countermeasure Evaluation -- Applications of Computer Software for Scour Analysis -- Scour Depth -- A Concern for the Bridge Engineer -- Precautions to Minimize Flood Damage -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 9. Inspections, Monitoring, and Flood Management -- Need for Underwater Inspection, Monitoring, and Vigilance -- Floodwater Sources and Rise of Water Level at Bridges -- Maintaining the River Environment -- Emergency Bridge Protection Measures -- Essentials of Scour Monitoring Program -- Description of Monitoring Measures -- Methods for Investigating Scour Conditions for Vulnerable Foundations -- Adopting a Flood Watch List for Scour-Critical Rivers -- Plans and Preliminary Estimates -- Pennsylvania DOT Bridge Scour Evaluation Program -- Scour Studies Listed in Inspection Reports of Sample Bridges -- Innovative Techniques for Monitoring -- Essentials of Postflood Disaster Management -- Role of Environmental Agencies Such as FEMA and EPA to Combat Floods -- Flood Disaster Management in India and Pakistan -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- C. Glossary -- D. Sample Scour Calculations (HEC-18) -- Determine Scour Variables -- Aggradation / Degradation in Stream Bed -- Evaluate Scour Analysis Method (Live Bed or Clear Water) -- Live Water Contraction Scour -- Local Scour: Left Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Right Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Piers -- E. Sample ABSCOUR Solved Example.
A. About the Author -- B. Preface -- Objectives -- Need to Incorporate Growing Technologies -- Track Record of Successful Bridge Design and Construction -- Key Benefits -- Applications to Analysis, Design, Inspection, and Drawings Preparation -- C. Symbols -- A. PART 1: Erosion Problems, Review of Failures, and Progress Made -- 1. Water May Quench Thirst But May Also Drown -- Generation of Floods and Disruptions to Life -- The Hydrologic Cycle and Multiple Sources of Floods -- Need for Nationwide Checkup on Infrastructure Health -- A Survey of Recent Floods That Affected Infrastructure -- Need to Maintain Transportation Network at Reasonable Cost -- Global Problems of Flood Hazards, Drought, and Water Conservation -- Asset Management to Include Flood Mitigation Measures -- Developing an Environmental Policy for Floods -- Current Bridge Scour Control Practice -- Precautions and Solutions -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 2. River Instability Caused by Flow Obstructions -- Floodplain Formation -- Erosive Effects of Floods and Tides on Transportation -- Multiple Types of Riverine Flow Processes -- Basic Concepts of Open-Channel Hydraulics -- Hydraulic Issues of Bridges on Waterways -- Role of Movable Bridges to Facilitate Navigation in Rivers -- Debris Accumulation Upstream of Bridges -- Planning and Design Issues to Restrict Scour at Scour-Critical Bridges -- Bridge Performance Based on AASHTO (LRFD) Load Combinations for the Extreme Conditions -- Project Funding Requirements and Regulations -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 3. Scour Countermeasures as Remediation -- Scour Mitigation Using Various Types of Countermeasures -- Modifications to FHWA HEC-23 Countermeasures Matrix -- Applications of FHWA HEC-18 and HEC-23 Procedures -- Case Studies of Scour-Prone and Scour-Critical Rivers -- Methods for Investigating Conditions of Existing Footings -- Streamlining of Structural Elements for Efficient Planning -- Selection of Flood-Resistant Countermeasures -- Factors Affecting Detailed Design of Countermeasures -- Use of Rock Riprap as Temporary Armoring -- Applying Modern Techniques to Contain Erosion -- Applications of Geotextile and Granular Filters -- Design Guidelines for Armoring Countermeasures Other Than Riprap -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 4. Innovative Methods of Flood Disaster Management -- Overview of Scour Repairs -- Adopting Precautions to Prevent Failures -- Introducing a Fresh Approach in Countermeasure Design and Construction -- Utilizing Advancements in Construction Technology -- Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) over River and Replacement Methods -- Developing Design Codes for River Bridges for ABC and for Flood Conditions -- Applications of Modern Construction Materials -- Use of Recyclable Materials Technology -- Use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Concrete and Products -- Advancements in Concrete Technology -- Developments in Steel Materials and Metallurgy -- Performance of Steel Bridges over Rivers -- Continuing Education in New Technology Applications for Engineers -- FHWA TIGER Program Funding -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 5. Past Failures of Bridges and Those Vulnerable to Failure -- How River Bridges Become Structurally Deficient -- Vulnerability to Failure of Bridges on Waterways -- Analysis of River Bridge Failures -- Typical Bridge Failures from Scour -- Lessons Learned from European Bridge Failures -- Bridge Failures from Ship Impact on Substructure or Superstructure -- Additional List of Failures of River Bridges -- Case Studies of Well-Known Bridge Failures -- Forensic Engineering Application to Bridge Failures -- Recommendations for Avoiding Failures -- Rehabilitation and Repair of Existing Structures -- Underwater Repairs -- Preventive Actions for Vessel Collision or Floating Ice Impacts -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- B. Hydrology, Hydraulics, Scour Analysis, and Inspection Methods -- 6. Geotechnical and Hydraulic Issues at Scour-Critical Rivers and Bridges -- Standard Procedures for Hydraulic Analysis and Design -- Application of AASHTO Specifications for Foundation Design -- Modeling for Hydraulic Analysis -- Performing Scour Analysis -- Scour of Piles, Pile Groups, and Caissons -- Contents of a Hydraulic Report and Guidelines -- Guidelines for Preparing Geotechnical Reports and Plans, Specifications -- Foundation Modification by Structural Countermeasures -- Investigating Unknown Foundations -- Types of Foundation Selection for New Bridges -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 7. Hydrology, Floods, and Selection of Scour-Critical Bridges -- Causes and Effects of Floods -- Methods of Hydrologic Analysis -- USGS StreamStats Software -- Case Studies of Peak Flood Computations Using Practical Examples -- Scour Practice Survey in U.S. States -- Identifying Scour-Critical Bridges on Flood-Prone Rivers -- Planning of Structures in Relation to Hydrology Data -- Substructure Planning for New Bridges -- Planning Considerations for Superstructures Based on Hydrology and Hydraulics -- Formation of Scour Holes during Floods -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 8. Estimating Scour Depths and Selecting Applicable Countermeasures -- Need for Inspection, Scour Studies, and Remediation -- Factors Affecting Scour -- Rating of Scour-Critical Bridges Using the Pennsylvania SCBI Method -- Use of Hydraulic Assessment Checklist -- Vulnerability Index for Scour-Critical Bridges -- Scour Case Studies by the Author -- Case Study of Countermeasure Evaluation -- Applications of Computer Software for Scour Analysis -- Scour Depth -- A Concern for the Bridge Engineer -- Precautions to Minimize Flood Damage -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 9. Inspections, Monitoring, and Flood Management -- Need for Underwater Inspection, Monitoring, and Vigilance -- Floodwater Sources and Rise of Water Level at Bridges -- Maintaining the River Environment -- Emergency Bridge Protection Measures -- Essentials of Scour Monitoring Program -- Description of Monitoring Measures -- Methods for Investigating Scour Conditions for Vulnerable Foundations -- Adopting a Flood Watch List for Scour-Critical Rivers -- Plans and Preliminary Estimates -- Pennsylvania DOT Bridge Scour Evaluation Program -- Scour Studies Listed in Inspection Reports of Sample Bridges -- Innovative Techniques for Monitoring -- Essentials of Postflood Disaster Management -- Role of Environmental Agencies Such as FEMA and EPA to Combat Floods -- Flood Disaster Management in India and Pakistan -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- C. Glossary -- D. Sample Scour Calculations (HEC-18) -- Determine Scour Variables -- Aggradation / Degradation in Stream Bed -- Evaluate Scour Analysis Method (Live Bed or Clear Water) -- Live Water Contraction Scour -- Local Scour: Left Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Right Bridge Abutment -- Local Scour: Piers -- E. Sample ABSCOUR Solved Example.